Aqueous Solubility Data

Solubility Descriptions

Converting Mass % to Mass Ratio

Gases

The solubility of many gases are quite small and decrease with increasing temperature.

Figure 1: Aqueous solubility of some gases at various temperatures.
Figure 2: Mass ratio of some aqueous gases at various temperatures.

Inorganic Compounds

See Aqueous Solubility Rules.

Alkali

Compounds containing alkali metals are soluble except LiF which is slightly soluble.

Figure 3: Aqueous solubility of some alkali compounds at various temperatures.
Figure 4: Mass ratio of some aqueous alkali compounds at various temperatures.

Ammonium

Compounds containing ammonium ions are soluble.

Figure 5: Aqueous solubility of some ammonium compounds at various temperatures.
Figure 6: Mass ratio of some aqueous ammonium compounds at various temperatures.

Binary Metal/Halogen

Binary compounds containing halides are soluble except when paired with Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+.

Figure 7: Aqueous solubility of some binary metal/halogen compounds at various temperatures.
Figure 8: Mass ratio of some aqueous binary metal/halogen compounds at various temperatures.

Sulfates

Compounds containing sulfates are soluble except when paired with Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+.

Figure 9: Aqueous solubility of some sulfate compounds at various temperatures.
Figure 10: Mass ratio of some aqueous sulfate compounds at various temperatures.

Hydroxides

Compounds containing hydroxides are insoluble except when paired with alkali metals, Ba2+ (moderately soluble), Ca2+ (very slightly soluble), and Sr2+ (slightly soluble).

Figure 11: Aqueous solubility of some hydroxide compounds at various temperatures.
Figure 12: Mass ratio of some aqueous hydroxide compounds at various temperatures.

Exceptions

Compounds containing carbonates, chromates, phosphates, and sulfides are insoluble except when paired with Na+, K+, and NH4+.

Figure 13: Aqueous solubility of some compounds at various temperatures.
Figure 14: Mass ratio of some aqueous compounds at various temperatures.

Organic Compounds

Straight-Chain Alkanes

Straight-chain alkanes do not mix well with water. The longer the chain, the higher the dispersion and the lower the solubility.

Figure 15: Aqueous solubility of some aqueous straight-chain alkane solutions at 25 °C.
Figure 16: Mass ratio (solvent/solute) of some aqueous straight-chain alkane solutions at 25 °C.
Structures

Butane, C4H10

Heptane, C7H16

Pentane, C5H12

Octane, C8H18

Hexane, C6H14

Nonane, C9H20

Straight-Chain Alcohols

Straight-chain alcohols contain an —OH functional group and can increase the solubility of the molecule.

Figure 17: Aqueous solubility of some aqueous straight-chain alcohol solutions at 25 °C.
Figure 18: Mass ratio (solvent/solute) of some aqueous straight-chain alcohol solutions at 25 °C.
Structures

1-Butanol, C4H9OH

1-Heptanol, C7H15OH

1-Pentanol, C5H11OH

1-Octanol, C8H17OH

1-Hexanol, C6H13OH

1-Nonanol, C9H19OH

Aromatic Compounds

Aromatic compounds contain one or more rings with delocalized pi electrons and are not very soluble in water. (Data for benzene at 20 °C.)

Figure 19: Aqueous solubility of some aqueous aromatic compound solutions at 25 °C.
Figure 20: Mass ratio (solvent/solute) of some aqueous aromatic solutions at 25 °C.
Structures

Benzene, C6H6

Anthracene, C14H10

Naphthalene, C10H8

Naphthacene, C18H12

Functionalized Aromatics

Modifying aromatic compounds by adding other atoms or functional groups to the aromatic ring can increase the solubility of the molecule depending on the functional group.

Figure 21: Aqueous solubility of some aqueous functionalized aromatic compound solutions at 25 °C.
Figure 22: Mass ratio (solvent/solute) of some aqueous functionalized aromatic solutions at 25 °C.
Structures

Benzene, C6H6

Aniline, C6H5NH2

Toluene, C7H8

Nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2

Phenol, C6H6O

Bromobenzene, C6H5Br